Purpose: The prevalence of behavioral disorders in children is significant and is associated with mothers' parenting styles and attachment styles. The present study aimed to predict children's behavioral disorders based on mothers' parenting styles with the mediation of children's attachment styles in the city of Isfahan. Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The research population included all children aged 8 to 11 years in the city of Isfahan in 2023, from whom 310 were selected as a sample through convenience sampling. The research tools included the Baumrind Parenting styles Questionnaire (1991), the Kappenberg et al. attachment styles Questionnaire (2006), and the Rutter Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (1975). Findings: The findings showed that the path coefficients for the permissive parenting style were β = 0.26, for the authoritarian style β = 0.38, and for the authoritative style β = -0.14, all significant at P ≤ 0.05. The path coefficient for attachment styles to behavioral disorders was also β = 0.47, significant at P ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that children's behavioral disorders can be predicted by mothers' parenting styles and attachment styles.

Background and Purpose: The results of several studies indicate that psychological characteristics of parents have a significant impact on children's mental health, but few researches have focused on the relationship between children's physical health and psychological constructs. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality traits, attachment styles, and parenting styles with children's physical health. Method: The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all mothers and fathers of kindergarten children in district 13 of Tehran in the academic year of 2016-2017. Among them 350 parents were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made physical health questionnaire for pre-school children, parenting styles questionnaire (Baumrind, 1972), adult attachment scale (Collins & Read, 1990), and NEO five-factor inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1997). Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that conscientious trait, secure attachment style, authoritative parenting style, facilitative parenting style, and avoidant attachment style could predict 0. 27, 0. 30, 0. 32, 0. 34, and 0. 35 of children’ s physical health, respectively (p< 0. 01). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that personality traits, attachment styles, and parenting styles have a direct and indirect impact on the physical health of preschool children. The implications of the results are discussed in the paper.

Objective: Despite nearly half a century of research on the effects of daycare on children, the fundamental question of whether non-parental daycare adversely affects young children has not been answered conclusively. The present study was carried out with the aim of identifying day care children’s attachment styles. Method: To assess the attachment pattern of children, in a cross-sectional study, the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT) of Slough et al. was administered to 36 children from day care centers in Tehran. Descriptive statistical methods and one way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc were used for data analysis. Results: Almost half the children had "insecure attachment styles". Contrary to what was expected, subjects in picture 4 (where parents went on a trip for two weeks), showed attachments at the same level as other pictures, and had more self-reliance in comparison with picture 1. Conclusion: Rather than generalizing the effects of day care, and implicit or explicit condemnations of maternal employment, researchers ought to carry out research on the effect of mediating factors. Responses of children to picture 4 can be counted as a kind of avoidance as two weeks is a long time for children to be separated from their parents, and they avoid talking about it and rather talk about the gifts they receive from their parents.

Introduction: Parents' attachment styles have many effects on children's attachment styles. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the role of the inhibitory and facilitating factors in parents' insecure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles on the choice of children's attachment style. Research Methods: This study was a qualitative research with a theoretical approach. The statistical population of the Research included all people aged 25 to 40 who referred to the Atiyeh Clinic in Tehran in 1400, from which 60 people were selected, and then 25 people who had the conditions to enter the research were purposefully selected as a sample. The data were collected simultaneously and analyzed using grounded theory coding method (open, axial and selective). Findings: The results showed that the influencing factors including 38 primary classes, 4 main classes and one central class were extracted in the process of explaining the attachment styles of parents in determining the attachment style of children. The 4 main floors included the sliding bed of security, striving for the integration of body and soul from the path of power, the maze of the path, and the umbrella of support. Conclusion: In order to pay attention to the choice of children's attachment style in a family with two insecure parents, attention should be paid to the components of the sliding bed of security, striving for the integration of body and mind from the path of strength, the twists and turns of the path, and the umbrella of support.

In the study reported here, the researchers intended to find out the relationship between attachment styles & parent-child conflict resolution patterns upon children's attitude. Thus, 150 university students (75 males & 75 females) were selected through stage sampling. Having administered "attachment style, attitude toward parents & parent-child resolution patterns questionnaires", results revealed that secure & avoidant attachment styles correlate significantly, negatively with children's attitude toward their parents, by contrast ambivalent attachment style correlates highly, positively with children's attitude toward their parents. The study also demonstrated a close, positive correlation between father's & mother's physical & verbal aggression with ambivalent attachment style & a remarkable negative correlation with secure attachment style. The regression analysis also revealed that self physical aggression & avoidant attachment style are able to predict offspring's attitude toward his/her father; moreover, it's well worth mentioning that ambivalent attachment style & self physical aggression style can predict one's attitude toward his/her mother.

Objective Family is like a school where parents teach the lessons of humanity and morality, which are the foundation of human happiness, to their children. Moral development is an essential part of children’, s understanding of moral rules and principles. The lack of moral development, along with anxiety, and depression exposes children to antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Moral development is associated with parenting styles and attachment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development of preschool children mediated by children's attachment. Materials & Methods This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 children (64 girls and 64 boys) selected from 8 preschools in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2020 using a cluster sampling technique. The study data were collected using three questionnaires: Baumrind Parenting styles Questionnaire (PSQ), the Kinship Center attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and Lotfabadi Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ). The first two tools were completed by mothers of children, while the MDQ was completed by children. The Kolmogorov-Simonov test, correlation test (Enter method), analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis in SPSS v. 21. Results The regression analysis results showed that parenting styles had a significant relationship with moral development (R=0. 74, Adjusted R =0. 54, P=0. 000). Also, attachment had a significant association with moral development (R=0. 71, Adjusted R 2 =0. 49, P=0. 000). With one unit change in permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 43. 5%, 19%, and 37. 6%, respectively. Moreover, with one unit change in positive adjustment/ development, negative behavior, emotional reactivity, and distancing from caregiver support dimensions of attachment, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 33. 6%, 38. 4%, -26. 4%, and-11. 4%, respectively. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that the attachment variable was the mediator of the relationship of parenting styles with moral development (z=2. 29>1. 96). 2 Conclusion The moral development of children is related to permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Besides, children’, s attachment can mediate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development. More planning and follow-up are needed to improve the moral development of preschool children. When parents are consistent in their parenting styles, they provide their children with assertive and trusting behaviors. They should listen to their children and promote dialogue with them. Their discipline should be accompanied by warmness, logic, and flexibility and give their children the freedom to some extent. This treatment can help children develop their social behavior.

To predict the identity styles based on attachment styles, the researchers carried out a descriptive study of correlation kind. 130 college students from Bu-Ali Sina University were chosen randomly through multistage cluster sampling. The attachment styles were evaluated by Hazan & shaver Adult attachment Scale (AAS) while the identity styles were assessed by berzonsky identity style inventory. The findings of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment styles and identity styles. The same is true between gender and identity styles. No significant relationship was found between gender and attachment styles. There was a significant and positive relationship between secure attachment style and informative identity style. In addition, a significant and negative relationship was found between secure attachment style and normative identity. The same is true for secure attachment style and normative identity style, and between secure attachment style and diffusion/ avoidant identity style. It is worth mentioning that secure attachment style has the potentiality to predict informative identity style. These findings highlight the basic and dynamic role of child-mother’s first affective bonds quality in formation, settlement and continuation of fundamental trust, affiliation, exploration, experience training, power of problem solving, and especially identity.

The aim of the present study was to predict children’s attachment indices from parental attachment indices.Two hundred and seven students (146 females, 56 males, 5 unspecified) and their parents (207 fathers, 207 mothers) were selected from universities of Tehran using convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Adult attachment Inventory (AAI; Besharat, 2011, 2013). The results indicated that parental attachment indices correlated significantly with children's attachment indices. The results of mixed model indicated that parental attachment indices could predicted children's attachment indices and attachment styles transmitted from parents to children intergeneration ally. All three maternal attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) could predicted children's attachment styles (secure, avoidant, resistant). However, paternal avoidant attachment style couldn’t predict children's attachment styles. The findings suggest that the attachment characteristics have the capacity to transmit from one generation to the other, by knowing the intergenerational mechanisms the attachment characteristics of the next generation can be predicted, and the transmission of pathological features could be prevented and healthy characteristics could be improved by implementing educational interventions.